Skip to content

shebanq
ubs

עֶזְרָה ʿezrāh – help

Semantic Fields: Deliverance   
Author(s): James K. Aitken, Alison Gray, Graham I. Davies
First published: 2016_04_01
Last update: 2024-10-10 (Paul Sanders, Rachel Mak, Timon van Dieren)
Citation: James K. Aitken, Alison Gray, Graham I. Davies, עֶזְרָה ʿezrāh – help,
               Semantics of Ancient Hebrew Database (sahd-online.com), 2016_04_01 (update: 2024)

For a fuller discussion of the lexical field ‘Deliverance’ as a whole, see on this site the Overview of SAHD entries for ‘Deliverance’ words by Graham I. Davies.

Introduction

Grammatical type: noun fem.
Occurrences: 26x HB (0/8/18); 0x Sir; 7x Qum; 0x inscr. (Total: 33).

  • Nebiim: Judg 5:23 (2x); Isa 10:3; 20:6; 31:1, 2; Jer 37:7; Nah 3:9 (see A.1 below);
  • Ketubim: Pss 22:20; 27:9; 35:2; 38:23; 40:14, 18; 44:27; 46:2; 60:13; 63:8; 70:2; 71:12; 94:17; 108:13; Job 6:13; 31:21; Lam 4:17; 2 Chron 28:21;
  • Qum: 1QM (1Q33) 1:16; 13:13, 14; 16:11; 4Q160 fr3-4ii:2; 4Q372 fr1:18; 4Q381 fr24a+b:8.

Text Doubtful

In Nah 3:9 בְּעֶזְרָתֵךְ (with sf. 2 fem.sg.) is often emended to בְּעֶזְרָתָהּ (with sf. 3 fem.sg.; see LXX, Pesh, BHS, and many modern commentaries), but it is possible to maintain MT (BHQ).

Qere/Ketiv

Ezek 12:14 K עזרה Q עֶזְרוֹ; or emend to עֹזְרָיו, ‘his helpers’ (cf. BHS), following LXX, Pesh and Tg.

1. Root And Comparative Material

A.1 [See עָזַר R&C]

2. Formal Characteristics

A.1 qitl/qitlat form, in which the seghol appears after a guttural (Joüon-Muraoka, GBH, § 97Aa).

A.2 The form עֶזְרָתָה in Pss 44:27, 63:8, and 94:17 appears only these three times in BHeb. (cf. masorah parva) and once in 4Q160 fr3-4ii:2. It appears to have the old accusative ending, particularly frequent with feminine nouns. The absence of the definite article may indicate the antiquity of the phenomenon (Hurvitz 1985:116–19), although this is not conclusive (Joüon-Muraoka, GBH, §93j n. 1). This form with feminine nouns only appears in poetry (Tsevat 1955:21–22) and it may have been chosen to avoid the contact of two successive stressed syllables (Joüon-Muraoka, GBH, §93j). Sawyer suggests that it has a quasi-verbal function (1982:1042 [1990:447]). עֶזְרָת, found in absolute state in Ps 60:13=108:13, is an alternative form with another variant ending of this noun (GK, §80g).

3. Syntagmatics

A.1 עֶזְרָה is the subject of the verb היה, ‘to be’ (4Q160 fr3-4ii:2).

A.2 עֶזְרָה is the direct object of יהב, ‘to give’ (Pss 60:13; 108:13), and ראה, ‘to see’ (Job 31:21).

A.3 עֶזְרָה is found as the predicate of אֱלֹהִים, ‘God’ (Ps 46:2; 4Q381 fr24a+b:8), and of יהוה, ‘LORD’ (Ps 94:17), and – with the verb היה, ‘to be’ – of ‘you’ (= God; Pss 27:9; 63:8).

A.4 עֶזְרָה is found as the nomen regens of יהוה, ‘LORD’ (Judg 5:23; 2x), פֹּעֲלֵי אָוֶן, ‘doers of evil’ (Isa 31:2), יכה]פנ, ‘your face’, or עליכה]פו, ‘your works’ (1QM 13:14, reconstr. uncertain), and בני חושׁך, ‘sons of darkness (1QM 16:11).

A.5 עֶזְרָה is followed by the preposition בְּ, ‘in’ or ‘with’ (Job 6:13), indicating the source of help, and also in Judg 5:23; Ps 46:2 and Job 31:21, referring to the situation in which help is required.

A.6 עֶזְרָה is followed by מִן, ‘from’ + צָר, ‘trouble’ (Ps 60:13=108:13).

A.7 עֶזְרָה is preceded by the preposition אֵל, ‘unto’ (Lam 4:17).

A.8 עֶזְרָה is preceded by the preposition בְּ (beth essentiae) + היה, ‘to be’ (Nah 3:9), קוּם +, ‘to rise up as’ (Ps 35:2), and + יפע hiph., ‘to shine forth as’ (1QM 1:16). For a different account of the use of בְּ in such expressions, see Brockelmann 1956, §106g.

A.9 עֶזְרָה is governed by the prepositions בְּ, ‘because of’ (1QM 13:13, with גיל, ‘to rejoice’), and כְּ, ‘like’ (1QM 13:14).

A.10 עֶזְרָה sometimes follows a verb and the preposition לְ, to express the purpose of seeking help, e.g. + נוּס, ‘to flee to ... for’ (Isa 10:3; 20:6), לְ + ירד, ‘to go down ... for’ (Isa 31:1).

A.11 When governed by the preposition לְ, עֶזְרָה frequently follows verbs of motion and can itself have a verbal quality like that of an infinitive construct, to express the intention of helping, e.g., + בּוֹא, ‘to come ... to help’ (Judg 5:23), + יָצָא , ‘to go out ... for’ (Jer 37:7); חושׁ + paragogic hē, ‘to rush ... to’ (Pss 22:20; 38:23; 40:14; 70:2; 71:12 [Qere]; cf. 2 Chron 28:21).

A.12 עֶזְרָה is also used with a quasi-verbal sense without the preposition לְ following a verb of motion, e.g. קוּם + paragogic hē, ‘to rise up’ (Ps 44:27).

A.13 עֶזְרָה is the (logical) object of קוּם + עַל, ‘to rise up ... against’ (Isa 31:2).

A.14 עֶזְרָה is found with the particle כל, ‘all/any’ (4Q372 fr1:18).

B.1 Dahood proposes that the presence of the preposition מִן in Ps 60:13=108:13 indicates that עֶזְרָה in these instances (and עֵזֶר at Deut 33:7) denotes ‘liberation’ (1970:95-96; 1973:82). He compares it to the use of Ug. wy‘drk byd …, ‘and let him help you from the hand of …’ at KTU 1.18.I:14, where wy‘drk occurs in parallel with yplṭk (from plṭ, ‘to deliver’). Dahood (1970:95) argues that in a similar manner to the verb ישׁע having two meanings, ‘to help’ and ‘to rescue’, Ug. ʿdr and Heb. עזר normally signify ‘to help’ or ‘help’, but with certain prepositions denote ‘to rescue, liberate from’. Dahood gives further examples of this phenomenon, although it might be noted that the Ugaritic – along with Sir 51:2–3 and 1QH 10:36-37 (old numbering: 2:34–35) that he cites in support – all include the noun yd/יד with the preposition. The immediate context of Ps 60=108 is a request for God’s presence and help in battle rather than removal from it. It thus suggests that עֶזְרָה has the sense of divine presence providing protection from enemies (cf. the use of עזר + מִן in Ezra 8:22).

4. Ancient Versions

a. Septuagint (LXX): Septuagint (LXX) and other Greek translations (αʹ, etc.):1

  • ἀντιλαμβάνομαι, ‘to grasp’, ‘to help’, etc.: Ps 44:27other;

  • ἀντίλημψις, ‘help’: Ps 22[21]:20;

  • βοήθεια, ‘help’: Judg 5:231st; 5:232nd(B); Isa 20:6; 31:1; Jer 37[44]:7; Pss 27[26]:9αʹ; 35[34]:2; 38[37]:23; 60[59]:13; 70[69]:2; 71[70]:12; 108[107]:13; Job 31:21; Lam 4:17; 2 Chron 28:21;

  • βοηθέω, ‘to help’: Isa 10:3; Pss 40[39]:14; 44[43]:27; 70[69]:2other; 94[93]:17;

  • βοηθός, ‘helper’: Judg 5:232nd(A); Nah 3:9; Pss 27[26]:9; 40[39]:18; 46[45]:2; 63[62]:8;

  • [[ἐλπίς, ‘hope’: Isa 31:2;]]

  • [[πείθω, ‘to trust’: Job 6:13.]]

b. Peshitta (Pesh):

  • [[ ܗܪܪ (hrr), aphel, ‘to harm, trouble’: 2 Chron 28:21]];

  • [[ ܚܝܠܐ (ḥaylā), ‘power, strength’: Ps 108:13]];

  • ܡܥܕܪܢܐ (mʿaḏrānā), ‘helper’: Pss 46:2; 63:8;

  • ܥܕܘܪܐ (ʿāḏōrā), ‘helper’: Pss 27:9; 94:17;

  • ܥܕܪ (ʿdr) pael, ‘to aid’: Jer 37:7; Ps 44:27; Job 31:21;

  • ܥܕܪ (ʿdr) ethpaal, ‘to be aided’: Isa 10:3; 20:6; 31:1;

  • ܥܘܕܪܢܐ (ʿuḏrānā), ‘aid, help’: Judg 5:23 (1 for 2); Isa 31:2; Nah 3:9; Pss 22:20; 35:2; 38:23; 40:14; 60:13; 70:2; 71:12; Job 6:13; Lam 4:17.

c. Targum (Tg: O/N/PsJ/J/K):

  • סיוע, ‘help’: Pss 22:20; 27:9; 38:23; 40:14, 18; Job 6:13; 31:21;

  • סייעה, ‘help’: Ps 46:2;

  • סיע pael, ‘to aid’: Ps 44:27; Lam 4:17;

  • סעד peal, ‘to help, assist’: Isa 31:2; Ps 63:8; 2 Chron 28:21;

  • סעוּדַן, ‘help’: Judg 5:23 (2x);

  • סעֵיד, ‘help, support’: Isa 10:3; 20:6; 31:1; Jer 37:7; Nah 3:9; Pss 35:2; 60:13; 70:2; 71:12; 94:17; 108:13.

d. Vulgate (Vg):

  • adiutor, ‘helper’: Pss 27[26]:9PsG; 40[39]:18PsG; 46[45]:2PsG; 63[62]:8PsG;

  • adiutorium, ‘help’: Judg 5:232nd; Pss 35[34]:2PsG; 38[37]:23PsG; 71[70]:12PsG;

  • adiuvo, ‘to help’: Pss 40[39]:14; 44:27[43:26]PsG; 70[69]:2PsG; 94[93]:17PsG;

  • auxiliator, ‘helper’: Ps 94[93]:17PsH;

  • auxilior, ‘to help’: Pss 44:27[43:26]PsH; 70[69]:2PsH; 71[70]:12PsH;

  • auxilium, ‘help’: Judg 5:231st; Isa 10:3; 20:6; 31:1, 2; Jer 37:7[6]; Nah 3:9; Pss 22[21]:20PsH; 27[26]:9PsH; 35[34]:2PsH; 38[37]:23PsH; 40[39]:18PsH; 46[45]:2PsH; 60[59]:13; 63[62]:8PsH; 108[107]:13; Job 6:13; Lam 4:17;

  • [[defensio, ‘defense’: Ps 22[21]:20PsG;]]

  • prosum, ‘to be useful’: 2 Chron 28:21 (et tamen nihil ei profuit, ‘and yet it availed him nothing’);

  • [[superior, ‘superior’: Job 31:21]].

A.1 The primary translation is that of ‘help’ in LXX (βοήθεια and ἀντιλαμβάνομαι with cognates), Pesh (ܥܕܪ/ʿdr and cognates), Tg ( סעד and סיע with cognates), and Vg (auxilior and adiuvo with cognates).

A.2 In Ps 22[21]:20 LXX ἀντίλημψις may have been chosen to represent עֶזְרָה since βοήθεια had been used earlier in the verse for אֱיָלוּת. Ἀντίλημψις (see Margolis 1972 for Hebrew equivalents), a later form of ἀντίληψις, is derived from ἀντιλαμβάνομαι, ‘to help, take part with, assist’ (LSJ, 157), or ‘to come to the assistance of’ (Lev 25:35; GELS, 59). The noun in koine often denotes ‘defence, succour’ (LSJ, 158; cf. LEH, 55), and is attested with such a meaning in papyri, the LXX and the NT. See defensio, ‘defence’, as translation of LXX’s ἀντίλημψις in VgPsG Ps 22[21]:20.

A.3 Vg’s unique choice of profuit, ‘it was useful, of benefit’, for לְעֶזְרָה in 2 Chron 28:21 may result from the subject of the clause being (or being seen as) impersonal. In Job 31:21 cum viderem me in porta superiorem, ‘when I saw myself superior in the gate’, is a paraphrase which specifies the result of the speaker having help ( עֶזְרָתִי) as superiority in a legal dispute, rather than representing precisely the meaning of the original.

A.4 The Peshitta at Ps 108:13 has ܚܝܠܐ (ḥaylā), ‘power’, for עֶזְרָת, whereas in the identical Ps 60:13 it has ܥܘܕܪܢܐ (ʿuḏrānā), ‘help’. The translator knew what עֶזְרָת meant, but evidently decided here to specify the kind of help that was needed in a military crisis (compare the occasional use of ἰσχύς for עֵזֶר and of ἰσχύω and compounds for עזר). In 2 Chron 28:21, as in the previous verse, the translator has rewritten his original in the light of the context (28:16-20). For וְלֹא לְעֶזְרָה לוֹ he has put ܕܠܐ ܢܗܪܝܘܗܝ (dlʾ nhrywhy, followed by ܒܙܒܢܐ ܕܐܘܠܨܢܗ / bzbnʾ dʾwlṣnh), ‘so that he would not harm him (in a time of trouble)’. The final words are taken from the beginning of 28:22 and are made to refer back to the Edomite and Philistine attacks in 28:17-19. Then instead of reporting the failure of Ahaz’s approach to Tiglath-pileser with MT (with its echo of 28:16), the translator explains its intention in a d-clause, in effect seeing the ‘help’ sought (and not provided) as the avoidance of harm. In both verses, therefore, the Peshitta provides no direct evidence for the meaning of עֶזְרָה.

A.5 In all the Versions verbs are used to render עֶזְרָה on several occasions.

B.1 Job 6:13 appears in the LXX to be a paraphrase of the sense of the Hebrew. πείθω, ‘to trust (in)’, provides the rendering ‘Did I not trust in him?’ (NETS) in place of the Hebrew ‘My help is not in me’. It should be noted, however, that the noun in parallelism תֻּשִׁיָּה, ‘effective aid’, is translated by βοήθεια, the most frequent equivalent for עֶזְרָה. The LXX could be justification for emending תֻּשִׁיָּה to תְּשׁוּעָה, but it is not necessary.

B.2 The LXX rendering ἐλπίς (Isa 31:2) appears in a translation of the Hebrew phrase ‘the help(ers) of those who perform iniquity’. The LXX appears to have understood this passage as simply ‘their vain hope’, omitting the verb פָּעַל. The difference between the Hebrew and Greek is great enough for no reliable semantic information to be drawn from the version to this verse.

5. Lexical/Semantic Fields

A.1 עֶזְרָה is found in parallelism with נצל hiph., ‘to deliver’ (Pss 40:14; 70:2), תְּשׁוּעָה, ‘help’ (Ps 60:13=108:13), תֻּשִׁיָּה, ‘wisdom’ (Job 6:13), and ישׁע hiph., ‘to save’ (Lam 4:17). It is joined by waw to פלט pi. part., ‘deliverer’ (Ps 40:18).

A.2 It occurs in close collocation with the verbs קוּם, ‘to rise up’, פדה, ‘to set free’ (Ps 44:27), נוּס, ‘to flee’ (Isa 10:3; 20:6), נצל hiph., ‘to deliver’ (Isa 20:6), and מלט niph., ‘escape’ (Isa 20:6), and with the nouns עֹצֶם, ‘might’ (Nah 3:9), כֹּחַ, ‘strength’ (Job 6:12-13), אֱיָלוּת, ‘help’ (Ps 22:20), יֵשַׁע in אֱלֹהֵי יִשְׁעִי, ‘God of my salvation’ (Ps 27:9), תְּשׁוּעָה, ‘salvation’ (Ps 38:23), מַחֲסֶה, ‘refuge’, and עֹז, ‘strength’ (Ps 46:2).

A.3 Antonyms, such as עזב, נטשׁ, רחק מן and הסתיר פנים, occur in the often repetitive Psalms contexts in which עֶזְרָה appears (e.g., Pss 22:20; 27:9; 71:12; 94:14-17).

A.4 Lipiński (1989:17) argues that עֶזְרָה is synonymous with עֵזֶר, and that this is indicated by their both being found with the syntagm מִצָּר (Deut 33:7; Pss 60:13; 108:13). The variant reading עזרה for עֵזֶר in 1QIsaa at 30:5 gives additional support to this view. These nouns do differ in distribution, nonetheless, since the feminine form is found primarily in poetry.

6. Exegesis

A.1 עֶזְרָה is absent from the Pentateuch and is found primarily in poetry (Judg 5 is a poetic composition). It is most frequent in the Psalms (14x). In this it can be contrasted to עֵזֶר, which is well attested in the Pentateuch and historical books, as well as being found in the Psalms and Latter Prophets.

A.2 עֶזְרָה, like עֵזֶר and the associated verb עזר, is used of divine and human assistance in both military and non-military contexts. This will be shown in A.3-6.

A.3 עֶזְרָה ‘human help in everyday life’
There appear to be only two examples, although one might have expected this to be the most common use of the word.
In Job 31:21 Job speaks of his ‘help(er) in the gate’, which probably means someone who would support him in a legal dispute. Since the other party is a יתום, ‘orphan’, Job must imagine himself to be using such support to take advantage of the weak (contrast 29:12, where עֹזֵר is used and the context may also be judicial).
In Job 6:13 האם is difficult (see the commentaries) and perhaps corrupt. With reference to Num 17:28 BHS suggests that it could mean ‘truly’. The phrase אין עזרתי בי implies that Job is searching for help to survive within himself, i.e., in his own strength, but cannot find any.

A.4 עֶזְרָה ‘human help as national political and military support’
In a number of texts, עֶזְרָה describes the kind of support given from one nation to another in times of crisis such as military attack (e.g., Isa 10:3; 20:6; 31:1; Jer 37:7). עֶזְרָה is sometimes used to describe the nation giving such support, defining a particular political or military ally. The relational nature of this usage is marked by pronominal suffixes, e.g., in Nah 3:9 and Lam 4:17.
עֶזְרָה can even denote help (not) given to God in a military situation (Judg 5:23; cf. גבורים), or the help of a people that is not needed by God because he is גבור, and even his ‘finger’ is stronger than any human foe (4Q372 fr1:18).

A.5 עֶזְרָה ‘divine help in everyday life’
God’s help is frequently sought or welcomed by individuals in their struggles with their personal ‘enemies’ (e.g., Pss 22:20; 27:9; 35:2; 38:23; 63:8; 4Q381 fr24a+b:8). Sometimes the enemies are explicitly identified as accusers (Ps 71:12) or hostile rulers (Ps 94:17).

A.6 עֶזְרָה ‘divine help as national political and military support’
In the Psalms the nation seeks or rejoices in God’s help against enemy forces (Pss 44:27; 46:2; 60:13=108:13); similarly in the Qumran War Scroll the sectarian ‘sons of light’ rely on God’s help (1QM 1:16; 13:13, 14), while Belial girds himself to bring help to the ‘sons of darkness’ in the eschatological battle (1QM 16:11).

A.7 The help given is sometimes support of an undefined kind, whether military (Judg 5:23; Isa 31:1, 2; Jer 37:7; 1QM as above) or not (Ps 94:17; Job 31:21), but frequently it takes the form of rescue from danger (Isa 20:6; Pss 22:20; 35:2; 38:23, etc.; Lam 4:17) or the provision of a safe refuge (Isa 10:3; 20:6; Pss 27:9; 46:2, etc.). Occasionally there is an indication that ‘strength’ is meant (Nah 3:9; Ps 46:2; Job 6:13; 4Q381 fr24a+b:8). It is from the surrounding context that it is often possible to deduce that the assistance takes the form of rescue, refuge, protection or strengthening. However, this does not change the meaning of the word, only its reference. In almost all cases the help is needed in a situation of conflict or danger, even though the meaning and potential use of the word is much broader.

A.8 עֶזְרָה denotes active support which requires the proximity of the helper: the frequency with which it follows a verb of motion plus the preposition ל reflects this (Judg 5:23; Jer 37:7; Pss 22:20; 38:23; 40:14; 70:2; 71:12; 94:17; 2 Chron 28:21; 1QM 16:11; cf. Ps 44:27 with paragogic hē). In these cases the noun is virtually equivalent to the infinitive of the verb. This is a distinctive use of עֶזְרָה which is not shared by עֵזֶר.

A.9 Several times עֶזְרָה has a personal sense, ‘helper(s)’, like the participle of the verb: Isa 31:2; Nah 3:9; Pss 27:9; 40:18; 46:2; 63:8; 94:17; Job 31:21; Lam 4:17; 1QM 1:16(?); 4Q160 fr3-4ii:2; 4Q381 fr24a+b:8).

A.10 Sometimes the help denoted by עֶזְרָה does not materialise, namely when it comes from Assyria (Isa 20:6), Egypt (Isa 31:1, contrasted with going to God), or an unnamed nation (Lam 4:17).

A.11 Perhaps because of its concentration in the Psalms, it is more frequently associated with other ‘salvation’ lexemes (ישׁע hiph., נצל hiph., פלט pi.; see Lexical/Semantic Fields A.1, A.2) than is עֵזֶר.

7. Conclusion

A.1 עֶזְרָה, like the other words in the ‘help’ group, is essentially a general word for ‘support, assistance’, as can be seen from some examples of its use, both military (Judg 5:23; Isa 31:1, 2; Jer 37:7; 2 Chron 28:21; 1QM 1:16; 13:13, 14; 16:11) and non-military (Ps 94:17; Job 31:21; 4Q160 fr3-4ii:2; 4Q372 fr1:18).

A.2 As such it is closest in meaning to expressions like טֹובָה and חֶסֶד, which like it have a strongly active component but are not tied to a specific kind of benefit to others. Antonyms are words or phrases which are equivalent to ‘not to help’, such as עזב, נטשׁ, רחק מן and הסתיר פנים, which occur in the often repetitive Psalms contexts (see Lexical/Semantic Fields A.3).

A.3 This will also be its meaning in most, perhaps all, contexts which are concerned with rescue, refuge or strength (see Exegesis A.7). Its association with other words from the ‘deliverance’ field (see Lexical/Semantic Fields) does not (usually) lead to its becoming a synonym of them, rather it presents a different, broader perspective on the intervention that is looked for or experienced, a perspective which may be more relational in character.

A.4 The possible exceptions are in Ps 60:13 and Ps 108:13 (where two different introductions lead into what is essentially the same text): in each case the tight syntagm עזרת plus מצר follows the imperative הבה and the sense ‘release’ might seem to be appropriate, especially with תשׁועה in the parallel stich. But if so, this probably arises from the same kind of ‘pregnant construction’ (GK, §119ee-gg) that is sometimes found with verbs (including עזר; see Syntagmatics A.12 in that entry): ‘give me help from the foe’ is shorthand for ‘give me help and deliverance from the foe’, especially as ‘give me help’ is only a transformation of the verbal form ‘help me’.

Bibliography

For the abbreviations see the List of Abbreviations.

Brockelmann 1956
Carl Brockelmann, Hebräische Syntax, Neukirchen: Verlag der Buchhandlung des Erziehungsvereins.
Dahood 1970
Mitchell Dahood, Psalms III, 101-150 (AB 17A), Garden City, NY: Doubleday.
Dahood 1973
Mitchell Dahood, Psalms II, 51-100 (AB 17), 2nd ed., Garden City, NY: Doubleday.
Hurvitz 1985
Avi Hurvitz, ‘Originals and Imitations in Biblical Poetry: A Comparative Examination of 1 Sam 2:1-10 and Ps 113:5-9’, in: A. Kort, S. Morschauser (eds), Biblical and Related Studies Presented to Samuel Iwry, Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns, 115–21.
Lipiński 1989
Edouard Lipiński and Heinz-Josef Fabry, ‘עָזַר ʿāzar’, ThWAT 6:14-21 (ET 2001: TDOT 11:12-18).
Margolis 1972
Max L. Margolis, ‘λαμβάνειν (including compounds and derivatives) and its Hebrew-Aramaic equivalents in Old Testament Greek’, in: R.A. Kraft (ed.), Septuagintal Lexicography (Septuagint and Cognate Studies 1), Missoula, MA: SBL, 70-79 (= AJSL 22 [1906]:110-19).
Sawyer 1982
John F.A. Sawyer and Heinz-Josef Fabry, ‘ישׁע jšʿ’, ThWAT 3:1035-59 (ET 1990: TDOT 6:441-63.
Tsevat 1955
Matitiahu Tsevat, A Study of the Language of the Biblical Psalms, Philadelphia: SBL.

Notes

  1. The readings differing from LXX (αʹ, “other”) are given according to Field I and II. The references without sigla are to LXX. ↩

Semantics of Ancient Hebrew Database