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גַּלְגַּל – wheel, well-wheel

Semantic Fields: Parts   Wells   Cisterns   
Author(s): Bas ter Haar Romeny, Raymond de Hoop *
First published: 2026-03-31
Citation: Bas ter Haar Romeny, Raymond de Hoop, גַּלְגַּל – wheel, well-wheel,
               Semantics of Ancient Hebrew Database (sahd-online.com), 2026 WORK IN PROGRESS

Introduction

Grammatical type: n.m.
Occurrences: 13x HB (0/9/4); 1x Sir; 7x Qum; 0x Inscr. (Total: 21).

  • Nebiim: Isa 5:28; 17:13; 28:28; Jer 47:3; Ezek 10:2, 6, 13; 23:24; 26:10;
  • Ketubim: Ps 77:19; 83:14; Qoh 12:6; Dan 7:9 (BiblAram);
  • Ben Sira: 33:5 (ms F);
  • Qum: 1Q32 fr14:2, 3; 4Q186 fr1.i:5; 4Q209 fr6:9; 4Q405 (4QShirShabbf) fr20.ii–21-22:10; 11Q19 (11QTemplea) 34:4, 5, 9;
  • Text doubtful: 4Q204 fr1.vii:1; 4Q270 fr6.v:2 (CD x:15); 11Q17 7:12.

1. Root and Comparative Material

A.1 גַּלגַּל is derived from √ גלל, ‘to roll’.

A.2 Akkadian: Mitchell Dahood adduces Akk. gulgullu as support for his proposal to translate גַּלְגַּל in Qoh 12:6 as ‘water-pitcher’.1 According to the lexica, however, the meaning of this word is, in the first place, ‘skull’.2 A transferred meaning is indeed ‘a container shaped like a human skull’, but this sense occurs only very rarely (once in a list of booty and once apparently in reference to a cooking pot). Dahood also mentions Punic glgl, as the word occurs once on a vase (RES 907A). This does not lend much support to his position either, as the context is too damaged to conclude that the word actually refers to the object on which it was written.3 Dahood and John Gray, 275, finally propose to consider Ug. gl (KTU 1.14 II 18) cognate.4
Del Olmo Lete--Sanmartín, 145, do indeed translate this word as ‘copa’ (‘cup’), but connect it with Hebrew גֻּלָּה, ‘basin’, rather than גַּלְגַּל.5 A better candidate would be the glgl of KTU 1.13.33, for which the translation ‘cup’ has also been proposed,6 but this word should probably be taken as a verb, meaning ‘to roll’ (gl R), as Johannes de Moor has pointed out.7

A.3 Post-biblical Hebrew: In 11Q19 (11QTemplea) 34:4-9 and 4Q405 (4QShirShabbf) fr20.ii–21-22:10 it is used for the wheels of chariots. In CD x:15 גלגל השמש indicates the disc or orbit of the sun.8

In Mishnaic and Amoraic Hebrew, the word גלגל can indeed be used for a wheel that is used to draw water. According to mErub. 10:14, it is allowed to draw water בגלגל from the Cistern (בור) of the Exile and the Great Cistern in the Temple on Shabbat, and from the Haker Well (באר) on a festival. Instead of the גלגל, which is still used for the two cisterns, tErub. 8:21-22 (ed. Lieberman, Moʿed, 138) calls the instrument used to draw water from the Haker Well an השדע, probably ‘scales’, used as a lever. mMid. 5:4 refers only to the Cistern of the Exile and mentions הגלגל נתון עליו, ‘the wheel set over it’. These instances are most important for us, as there is a strong link in vocabulary: they also combine the word גלגל with the word בור, and there can be no mistake about the position and function of the גלגל: it is an object set over a cistern in order to draw water, not a water-pitcher of some sort. The בית גילגל לרבים of tB.Bath. 2:16 (ed. Lieberman, Neziqin, 137) may be related: it denotes a public well. The גלגל of ExodR. 31:14 (ed. Mirqin, 6, 72), on the other hand, clearly describes a wheel with earthenware containers.

The word גלגל can also be used for the wheel or wheelwork in machines, such as in mB.Bath. 4:5, where it is a wheel or screw that forms part of a press for olives or grapes.9 Elsewhere, the word refers to the disc or orbit of the sun, celestial sphere and sphere of the Zodiac, wheel or rotation of fortune, and eye-ball.10

A.4 Jewish Aramaic: The Aramaic גלגל is used in various meanings in Judaic sources. In addition to the ‘wheel of buckets’ of LevR. 34:9 and the pulley of bErub. 104a, which were mentioned above, one other instance is potentially enlightening for the use of גלגל in Qoh 12:6. In LevR. 18:1 (ed. Margulies, 399, following the text of the Oxford ms given in the apparatus) two Amoraim are discussing the explanation of the word in this verse: ‘One said: like the clods (רגיבייה) of Tiberias; the other said: like the גלגלייה of Sepphoris.’ Unfortunately, we do not know whether the גלגלייה of Sepphoris are indeed pulley wheels, water wheels, or perhaps boulders (to close a tomb?).

The word glgl is widely attested in Aramaic in the sense of ‘wheel’ and in various derived meanings. Thus it is a wheel of a cart or chariot in Old Aramaic (including Samʾalian)11 and Biblical Aramaic (Dan 7:6)12, and the disc of the moon in an Aramaic text from Qumran (4Q-Astronomical Enochb (4Q209) 6 l.~6). In Jewish Palestinian Aramaic the word is not only used for the wheels of a chariot and for a circle or circular form (yPeʿa 5:7, 19a), but also in the expression גלגלא דאנטילייה, a ‘wheel of buckets’ (LevR. 34:9, ed. Margulies, 792; cf. RuthR. 5:9, ed. Lerner, 140).13 This is probably not a pulley or bucket-chain, but a water-lifting wheel with compartmented rims,14 or rather a wheel with earthenware jugs connected to it.15

In the Aramaic of TgJ, the word is attested in the sense ofwheel, and as ‘rota fortunae’ and ‘die sich kreisende Himmelssphäre’.16 In addition to these meanings, Jewish Babylonian Aramaic also knows גלגל in the senses ‘eye-ball’, ‘round object’, and, more important for us, ‘pulley wheel’.17 The latter meaning is found in bErub. 104a, which is dependent on mErub. 10:14 and refers to a simple pulley (→ §6). For Mandaic gargul, gargla, and various alternative forms the meanings ‘wheel, convolution, heavenly sphere, circle’, and ‘rumbling, thunder’ is listed,18 but in some instances the word seems to denote a water wheel or a wheel with compartmented rim. The Syriac cognate ܓܝܓܠܐ (gīglā) unites many of the aforementioned senses: ‘a wheel, a potter’s wheel, a round stone rolling in a groove to close the opening of a sepulchre, circle, sphere (astronomy), cycle (anual), angels (metaphor alluding to their swiftness), artichoke stalks’.19 The use of the word in the sense of pulley wheel seems rather isolated: it is mentioned only by Robert Payne Smith, who gives the Peshitta to Qoh 12:6 as the only attestation.20 However, commentaries such as that of John the Solitary indicate that the right sense was understood and needed no further explanation.21

A.5 Latin: In addition to the Aramaic גלגל, the Latin girgillus should be mentioned. According to Kutscher this word was used for a beam serving as a bucket roller (windlass), and would have reached the Latin language from Phoenician through Canaanite settlements in Spain.22 This is very well possible, though the development from pulley wheel in Hebrew, Aramaic, and presumably Phoenician to roller beam in Latin seems slightly problematic. Kutscher did not see this, as he mistakenly assumed that the wheel placed over the well functioned as a windlass. I would suggest that the extension of the sense from pulley wheel to roller beam was an inner-Latin development, as it appears that the word girgillus was used in both senses.23

2. Formal Characteristics

A.1 גַּלגַּל is a qalqal formation of √ גלל.24

3. Syntagmatics

A.1 גַּלְגַּל has the following adjective:

  • קל, ‘swift’, Ben Sira: 33:5 (ms F).

A.2 גַּלגַּל in a nominal clause:

  • גַּלְגִּלּ֖וֹהִי נ֥וּר דָּלִֽק, ‘its wheels are a burning fire’, Dan 7:9 (BiblAram).

A.3 Verbs

A.3.1 גַּלְגַּל is subject of:

  • בוא qal, ‘to come’ (וּבָאוּ), in a group: הֹצֶן ‏ רֶכֶב וְגַלְגַּל֙, Ezek 23:24;
  • חשׁב niphal, ‘to seem like’, Isa 5:28 (נֶחְשָׁבוּ, elipsis v. 28bA);
  • רעשׁ qal, ‘to shake’, Ezek 26:10 (תִּרְעַשְׁנָה);
  • נרץ niphal, ‘to be broken’, Qoh 12:6 (וְנָרֹץ).

A.3.2 גַּלְגַּל occurs as the direct object of:

  • המם qal, ‘to disturb, set in motion’,25 Isa 28:28 (וְהָמַם);
  • קרא pual, ‘to be named/ called’, Ezek 10:13 (קוֹרָא).

A.4 גַּלְגַּל occurs as nomen regens of:

  • עֲגָלָה, ‘cart’ in Isa 28:28.

A.5 גַּלְגַּל is nomen rectum of:

  • הֲמוֹן, ‘rumbling’ in Jer 47:3.

4. Ancient Versions

a. Septuagint (LXX) and other Greek versions (αʹ, σʹ, θʹ):

  • τροχός, ‘wheel’:26 Isa 5:28LXX;27 17:13LXX;28 28:28σʹθʹ; Jer 29:3LXX (47:3MT); Ezek 10:2LXX, 6LXX σʹθʹ, 13αʹ; 23:24LXX; 26:10LXX; Ps 76:19LXX αʹσʹθʹ (77:19MT); 82:14LXX (83:14MT); Qoh 12:6LXX; Dan 7:9θʹ;
  • Γελγελ (transliteration): Ezek 10:13LXX;
  • No rendering: Isa 28:28LXX; Dan 7:9LXX.

b. Peshitta (Pesh):

  • ܓܝܓܠܐ (gīglā), ‘wheel’, ‘potter’s wheel’:29 Isa 5:28; 28:28; Jer 47:3; Ezek 10:2, 6, 13; 23:24; 26:10; Ps 77:19; 83:14; Qoh 12:6; Dan 7:9;
  • ܓܠܐ (gallā/gellā), ‘wave(?), stubble(?)’:30 Isa 17:13.

c. Targumim (Tg: J/K):

  • גלגלא, ‘wheel’,31 Isa 5:28J; 17:13J; 28:28J; Jer 47:3J; Ezek 10:2J, 6J, 13J; 23:24J; 26:10J; Ps 77:19K; 83:14K;
  • גופא, ‘body’:32 Qoh 12:6K with an interpretative rendering: וירהט גופך לגו קברך, ‘and your body will hurry into your grave’.
  • No Targum: Dan 7:9.

d. Vulgate (Vg):

  • rota, ‘wheel’:33 Isa 5:28; 28:28; Jer 47:3; Ezek 10:2, 6, 13; 23:24; 26:10; Ps 77:19; 83:14; Dan 7:9;
  • turbo, ‘whirlwind’:34 Isa 17:13.

5. Lexical/Semantic Fields

A.1 The word גַּלגַּל ‘wheel’ belongs to two different semantic fields, namely ‘parts’ in the domain of ‘objects’,35 and ‘wells, cisterns’ in the group ‘artifacts’, domain ‘products’, domain ‘objects’. In the meaning of ‘whirlwind’ גַּלגַּל belongs to the field of ‘air’, in the group ‘substances’, domain ‘objects’.36 If the word גַּלגַּל is interpreted in the sense of ‘tumbleweed’ in Isa 17:13 and Ps 83:14, it belongs to the field of ‘plants’ in the group ‘vegetation’.37

6. Exegesis

6.1 Literal Use

A.1 In most instances in the Bible, the word refers to a wheel or the wheels of a cart or a chariot (thus Isa 5:28; 28:28; Jer 47:3; Ezek 10:2, 6, 13; 23:24; 26:10).38 However, the figurative use, the cognates, some of the Ancient Versions, and the Judaic sources mentioned with the cognates indicate that the word could also refer to other kinds of wheels, such as a pulley wheel.

6.2 Figurative Use

A.1 Qoh 12:1 tells a young man to remember his Creator in the days of his youth, ‘before the days of trouble come …’ The following verses continue to describe the days of trouble and ageing, and conclude by mentioning the end of life. In verse 6, this is done with the help of four metaphors: ‘Before the silver cord is snapped(?), the golden bowl is broken, the jar is shattered at the spring, and the גלגל falls broken into the cistern (וְנָרֹץ הַגַּלְגַּל אֶל־הַבּוֹר).’ Verse 7 then says the same in literal terms ‘(Before) the dust returns to the earth as it was, and the breath returns to God who gave it.’ It is possible to see the cistern as a metaphor for the grave (cf. among other instances, Ps 30:4, where בור stands parallel in parallel with the word Sheol, and Isa 14:19), in which case the גלגל would represent the body or part of it. It is more probable, however, that the image of the broken גלגל that falls in the cistern expresses, as a whole, something that does not function any more, as is the case in the other colons of verse 6.

The obvious translation for גלגל is ‘well-wheel’.39 We should, however, not think of ‘the wheel that turns the axle of a windlass at a well’,OED, vol. 20, 111., but of a pulley wheel hanging over the cistern, used to simplify the task of drawing water. Instead of grazing the opening of the cistern itself, the rope connected to the bucket (→§ דְּלִי) could run over this pulley.40 Thus the person drawing water could use his or her own body as counterweight. Pulley wheels like this were known in the Middle East since the ninth century bce.41

Other water lifting devices one could think of are the bucket-chain, the wheel with compartmented rim, or the pot-wheel. These devices appeared at the beginning of the Hellenistic age,42 probably just in time to reach the author of Qohelet. The bucket-chain consists of a series of buckets or other containers on a rope or chain, hung over the cistern or source on a revolving wheel or axle, and was especially popular in Egypt. It seems less likely, however, that the word גלגל would be used to refer to this contraption as a whole. The pot-wheel or wheel with compartmented rim are more likely candidates. These wheels were positioned vertically in a source of water. Earthenware jugs connected to the wheel or compartments located in the rim are filled with water at the lowest level and release it when they reach the highest point. The fact, however, that reference is made to a בור, ‘cistern’ or ‘well’, makes the pulley wheel the most obvious choice for Qoh 12:6: most cisterns and wells were simply too deep for wheels with compartmented rim or pot-wheels.

Nevertheless, Oleson suggests that the גלגל of Qoh 12:6 refers to a wheel with compartmented rim.43
It appears from his book, that he based this idea on the assumption that a בור can only be a cistern, and that this is ‘a wide, open tank from which water is usually obtained by dipping from the rim or by means of run-off spouts.’44 This understanding may be influenced by the meanings of Greek λάκκος, as Oleson is discussing the text of the Septuagint in this work; it is not fully consonant with the meanings of the Hebrew word בור. In fact, Oleson himself defines the wheels (גלגל) set over the cisterns (בור) and well (באר) of the Temple as pulley wheels45 (→ §1), and also speaks of the use of pulley wheels for wells and ‘deep cisterns’ in his later work.46

An alternative interpretation of the passage as a whole is proposed by Dahood. He stresses that גַּלגַּל stands in parallel with the כַּד, ‘jar’, of the first colon of v.~6b, and proposes to translate the word as ‘water-pitcher’ for that reason.47 This argument does not hold, however, as the parallelism in this verse or the surrounding verses is not synonymous on a word-for-word basis. Every colon gives a related but different metaphor for the same idea. The support Dahood and his follower Gray adduce from Akkadian, Phoenician, and Ugaritic is not very strong either (→ §1). Michael Fox first followed this proposal on the assumption that the sentences are sequential---together they would describe the destruction of a well.48 Later, however, he admits that four distinct instruments are mentioned, the last of which is a wheel.49 The evidence from Rabbinic Hebrew (→ §1) seems to have played an important role in this change of opinion.

A.2 Other figurative uses of the word גלגל are based on transferred senses of the word derived from the primary meaning ‘wheel’. Ps 83:14 asks God to make his enemies ‘like a גַּלגַּל, like chaff (קַשׁ) before the wind’. The word refers here probably to the wheel-shaped dead stalk of a certain thistle (Gundelia Tournefortii) or wild Artichoke,50 which, blown over the earth by the wind, is rolling like a wheel; compare North American Tumbleweed. The same use, this time with ‘chaff on the mountains ({מֹץ הָרִים})’ as its parallel, is found in Isa 17:13. It has also been proposed to translate the word גַּלגַּל in these instances as ‘whirlwind’ or ‘whirling dust’ (see, among others, nrsv, and cf. Isa 5.28).51 This kind of translation would seem more appropriate in Ps 77:19, ‘the sound of your thunder is in the גַּלגַּל’, though in this instance one could of course also think of the roll of thunder.52

7. Conclusions

A.1 Biblical Hebrew גַּלְגַּל refers to a round or rolling object; in the first place a wheel of a cart or chariot, but also, among other things, a pulley wheel. Placed over a deep well or cistern, such a pulley or ‘well-wheel’ could be used to simplify the task of drawing water: the rope connected to the bucket ran over this weel, instead of grazing the opening of the cistern itself. The pulley wheel fallen in the cistern in Qoh 12:6 is a metaphor for the end of life. A rendering ‘water-pitcher’ for this instance finds no support in the context or in the cognates of this word.

Bibliography

For the abbreviations see the List of Abbreviations.

Dahood 1952
Mitchell Dahood, ‘Canaanite-Phoenician Influence in Qoheleth’, Biblica 33: 30-52; 191-221.
De Moor 1980
Johannes C. de Moor, ‘An Incantation against Infertility (KTU 1.13)’, UF 12:305-10.
Du Cange 1883-87
Carolo (Charles) du Fresne du Cange, et al., Glossarium mediæ et infimæ latinitatis, Niort: L. Favre.
Fox 1989
Michael V. Fox, Qoheleth and His Contradictions (JSOTSup 71), Sheffield: JSOT Press.
Fox 1999
Michael V. Fox, A Time to Tear Down and a Time to Build Up: A Rereading of Ecclesiastes, Grand Rapids: Eerdmans.
Gray 1965
John Gray, The Legacy of Canaan: The Ras Shamra Texts and their Relevance to the Old Testament (SVT 5); Leiden: Brill.
Kutscher 1962-64
Eduard Y. Kutscher, ‘בשולי המילון המקראי (Marginal Notes to the Biblical Lexicon)’, Leshonenu 27-28:183-88.
Kutscher 1965-66
Eduard Y. Kutscher, ‘בשולי המילון המקראי (Marginal Notes to the Biblical Lexicon)’, Leshonenu 30:18-24.
Oleson 1984
John P. Oleson, Greek and Roman Mechanical Water-Lifting Devices, Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
Oleson 1992
John P. Oleson, ‘Water Works’, ABD, vol. 6:883-93.
Reymond 1958
Philippe Reymond, L’eau, sa vie, et sa signification dans l’Ancien Testament (SVT, 6), Leiden: Brill.

Notes

This article is based on an unpublished paper by Bas ter Haar Romeny, originally written for the KLY-project. For the publication in Semantics of Ancient Hebrew Database the paper was thoroughly reworked and expanded by Raymond de Hoop. Next to the link to Shebanq above (offering 9 hits) the following links should be consulted:

  1. Dahood 1952:216-17. ↩

  2. CAD G, 127-28; cf. also AHw, 297. ↩

  3. Cf. DNWSI, 222. ↩

  4. Dahood 1952:216-17; Gray 1965:275. ↩

  5. DLU, 145; DULAT1, 297. ↩

  6. DLU, 146, ‘copa’; DULAT1, 298, ‘cup’. ↩

  7. De Moor 1980:310. ↩

  8. DCH ii:347, ‘3. orbit of Sun’; DCHR ii:396 (idem). ↩

  9. Kutscher 1962-64:187. ↩

  10. WTM, vol. 1, 329-30; Jastrow, DTT, 244-45. ↩

  11. DNWSI, 222. ↩

  12. HAL, 1687; Vogt, 34. ↩

  13. Cf. Sokoloff, DJPA, 129. ↩

  14. Oleson, Water-Lifting Devices, 8. ↩

  15. Kutscher 1962-64:186. ↩

  16. Levy, CWT, vol. 1, 140. ↩

  17. WTM, vol. 1, 330; Jastrow, DTT, 245. ↩

  18. MD, 78. ↩

  19. Sokoloff, SLB, 228; Payne Smith, CSD, 68. ↩

  20. Payne Smith, TS, 712. ↩

  21. Ad loc., ed. W. Strothmann, Kohelet-Kommentar des Johannes von Apamea (GOF 1.30; Wiesbaden, 1988), 178. ↩

  22. Kutscher 1962–64:187-88. ↩

  23. Cf. Du Cange 1883–87, vol. 4:71. ↩

  24. BL 481-82, §61.dδ. ↩

  25. HALOT, 251. ↩

  26. GELS, 688. LSJ, 1829: also ‘waterwheel’. ↩

  27. LXX added τῶν ἁρμάτων. ↩

  28. LXX has an addition here: καὶ ὡς κονιορτὸν τροχοῦ, ‘and like a circling dust cloud’ for MT וּכְגַלְגַּ֖ל. ↩

  29. Sokoloff, SLB, 228; Payne Smith, TS, 712; Payne Smith, CSD, 68. ↩

  30. Sokoloff, SLB, 231; Payne Smith, TS, 711-12, 714. ↩

  31. Sokoloff, DJPA, 129; Sokoloff, DJBA, 285 (‘irrigation wheel’); Jastrow, DTT, 244-45 (‘wheel, esp. the wheel-work at wells, cranes etc.’). ↩

  32. Sokoloff, DJBA, 270; Jastrow DTT, 225; ‘Körper’, Levy, CWT, 1, 131. ↩

  33. Lewis & Short, LD, 1601; OLD, 1662 (including a wheel ‘for raising water’). ↩

  34. Lewis & Short, LD, 1917; OLD, 1992, ‘an object that spins or revolves, spinning-top’, etc. ↩

  35. DCHR ii:396. ↩

  36. DCHR ii:396. ↩

  37. DCHR ii:396, *גַּלגַּל II, ‘tumbleweed’: ‘Objects > Vegetation > Plants’. ↩

  38. See BDB, 165f.: ‘1. wheel, a. of war-chariot’; DCH ii:347: ‘(I) wheel 1. usu. in ref. to wheel of cart or chariot, collective wheelwork’; Gesenius, TPC, 288: ‘res volubilis, quae cito et continuo volvitur, 1. rota currus’; GB, 139: ‘1. Rad, coll. Räder, Räderwerk’; Ges18, 214f.: (I) Grundbed. Rundes 1. Rad (am Kriegswagen), koll. Räder, übertr. Wagen’; HAL, 183: ‘(I) 1. Rad, am Kriegswagen’; HAWAT, 59: ‘1.a. Rad’; KBL, 181: ‘(I) 1. Rad (am Kriegswagen)’; Zorell, 151: ‘aliquid quod volutatur; 1. apparatus rotā rotisve motus (Radwerk), rotae: rotae currus rustici, currus bellici, rotae throni Dei’. ↩

  39. BDB, 165f.: ‘1. wheel, … b. for drawing water’; DCH ii:347: (I) wheel 1. … perh.
    paddle wheel of well; GB, 139: ‘1. … Schöpfrade am Brunnen,’ Ges18, 214f.: ‘(I) Grundbed. Rundes … 2. Schöpfrad (am Brunnen)’; Gesenius, TPC, 288: res volubilis, quae cito et continuo volvitur, 1. … putei ad aquam hauriendam’; HAL, 183: ‘(I) … 2. Schöpfrad am Brunnen’; HAWAT, 59: ‘1.b. synekd. speziell: Schöpfrad’; KBL, 181: ‘(I) … 2. Schöpfrad (am Brunnen)’; Zorell, 151: ‘rota haustri’. ↩

  40. Dalman, AuS, Bd. 2, 231. ↩

  41. Oleson 1992:892. ↩

  42. Oleson1992:892. ↩

  43. Oleson 1992:892. ↩

  44. Oleson 1984:8. ↩

  45. Oleson 1984:8. ↩

  46. Oleson 1992:892. ↩

  47. See also DCH ii:347; DCHR ii:396, ‘גַּלגַּל (III) water-pitcher’. ↩

  48. Fox 1989:307-08. ↩

  49. Fox 1999:330-31. ↩

  50. GB, 139: ‘kugelförmig zusammengerollten Stengel d. wilden Artischoke’; HAWAT, 59: ‘2. radförmig gewundene Stengel der wilden Artischoke’; KBL, 181: (II) metaph. Rad (d. radförmigen Reste der Distel Gundelia Tournefortii) Zorell, 151: ‘2. quae ut rotulae currentes apparent particulae plantarum conglobatae et vento agitatae’; HAL, 183: ‘(II) metaph. Rad (Pflanze, d. radförmige abgestorbene Stengel e. Distelart, Gundelia Tournefortii)’; DCH ii:347: ‘tumbleweed’; DCHR ii:396 (idem); Ges18, 214f.: ‘Wind- od. Steppenhexe, Kugeldistel Gundelia Tournefortii’. ↩

  51. Gesenius, TPC, 288: ‘turbo’; BDB, 165f.: ‘2.a. whirl, b. whirling, c. whirlwind’; Zorell, 151: ‘3. turbo’; DCH ii:347: ‘perh. whirlwind’; DCHR ii:396: ‘perh. storm-wind’. ↩

  52. GB, 139: ‘Rollen d. Donners’. ↩

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